Maria A. van Noordwijk, - and Erik P. Willems, - and Sri Suci Utami Atmoko, - and Christopher W. Kuzawa, - and Carel P. van Schaik, - (2013) Multi-year lactation and its consequences in Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. ISSN 0340-5443
|
Text
3. Sri Suci Utami Atmoko.pdf Download (673kB) | Preview |
Abstract
Abstract Inmostmammals,femalespayforreproductionby dramatically increasing net energy intake from conception to mid- or late lactation. To do this, they time their reproductive events in relation to environmental cycles so that periods of peak food availability coincide with peak demand or are used to build energy stores. This timing is not possible in species withslow development in which lactationisprolonged over a multi-year period with fluctuating food availability. Here, mothers are expected to sustain a stable but generally lower level of nutrient transfer. In a sample of over 1,050 complete follow days of eight mother–infant pairs collected over 7years,wedocumentmaternaleffortforwildBorneanorangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) over their average 6.5-year lactation period. As predicted, maternal feeding time was independent of the age of her growing offspring, indicating a stable sustained “plateau” effort of ≤ 25 % above baseline level, instead of a short peak lactation as seen in seasonal breeders. Infant orangutans started to regularly supplement milk with self-harvested food when they were 1–1.5 years old, indicating milk intake was insufficient from this age onwards, even though maternal effort did not decrease. We expect the same regulation of sustained maternal effort in other large and large-brained mammals with slow infant development. We also predict that mother–infant conflict over suckling may show another peak at the onset of the milk+ solid food phase, in addition to the well-known conflict around the endpoint of lactation (weaning), which is reached after a long and gradual increase in solid food intake by the infant. Keywords Greatapes .Maternalinvestment . Parent–offspringconflict .Sustainedlactation .Weaning
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | Q Science > Q Science (General) |
| Divisions: | Artikel > Biologi |
| Depositing User: | BPSI Unas |
| Date Deposited: | 18 Aug 2017 05:51 |
| Last Modified: | 18 Aug 2017 05:51 |
| URI: | http://repository.unas.ac.id/id/eprint/34 |
Actions (login required)
 |
View Item |
